The Difference Between Subject and Theme
What do we mean when we say a book or a movie is “about something?” This question is a lot trickier than it seems.
Did you see the movie The Break-up, starring Jennifer Aniston and Vince Vaughan? A facile answer regarding this film would be, “It’s about a break-up.”
Wrong.
The subject is a break-up.
The story theme is something else entirely.
The subject of the Jurassic Park movies is dinosaurs.
The subject is dinosaurs. The theme is, “Don’t mess with Mother Nature.”
The theme is, Don’t mess with Mother Nature.
The subject of Out of Africa is Karen Blixen’s experiences in Africa.
The theme is possession. “Is it possible,” the movie asks, “for a person to truly own something—a farm, a lover, her own fate?”
The theme of Out of Africa in statement form is, “It is not possible to own anything, and the harder we try, the more certain we are to lose what we wish to hold.”
A theme does not have to be true in all instances.
We can write one book with Theme X, then follow it up with another with Theme Opposite-of-X.
Sometimes a writer or filmmaker will deal with the same theme over and over. David O. Russell (one of my faves) seems to love the theme, “An individual, no matter how beset by his/her own self-sabotage and the sabotage of their family, can triumph if he/she is passionate enough, brave enough, and creative enough.” The Fighter, Silver Linings Playbook, Joy.
A theme can be totally unoriginal and still work beautifully. It can be a platitude. It can be a cliche.
“Love conquers all.”
“Might makes right.”
Remember the advertising line for the first Rocky?
His whole life was a million to one shot.
That statement is not far off from the movie’s theme, which is in truth a word-for-word statement of the American dream:
The sorriest bum in the street is capable of greatness if he’s just given the chance.
The theme of Casablanca is another cliche. “It’s better to work for the good of the group than for your selfish personal ends.”
There’s nothing wrong with your theme statement being a cliche. In many ways it’s better. Why? Because it means your theme has broad applications. It’s universal. It applies to everybody.
Part of the reason Rocky was a hit was that so many people could identify with its theme.
A theme should have multiple layers. We should be able to interpret it on the personal level, the political level, even the spiritual level. The more levels the theme works on, the more powerful it is.
Casablanca came out in 1941, while the U.S. was in a raging internal debate over whether or not to enter World War II. When in the film Humphrey Bogart declared
I stick my neck out for nobody
and
I’m the only cause I’m fighting for
he was speaking on the personal level. But his words were understood by the audience on the political level as well. He was giving voice to the powerful “American First” sentiment then prevalent in the country.
Bogie was also stating one side of the movie’s theme. The hero, remember, embodies the theme. How he or she acts in the final crunch becomes the movie’s statement of the theme.
In the climax of Casablanca, when Bogie forsakes his own selfish ends (to fly off to safety with his former lover, Ingrid Bergman) and instead puts Ingrid on the plane with her husband, the gallant Resistance fighter Paul Henreid, while he himself remains behind to join the fight against fascism, his actions state the movie’s theme not just personally, but politically.
Level One: Bogie elects to act for the greater good.
Level Two: America should do the same. It should get into the war.
Why is theme so important?
Because it gives a story focus and depth.
We’ve all read a millions sagas about plucky Moms and punchy prize fighters and self-centered gamblers/con men/operators. (In other words, subject). But when the struggles of these characters are given focus by the right theme, and when that theme contains a second or even a third level, then the story’s power is magnified and its emotional wallop is doubled and tripled.
Which leads us to the next aspect of theme—cutting everything that is not on-theme.
We’ll talk about that next week.
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Thanks, Steve, I’m getting a lot out of this series. It’s really making me think.
The larger political aspect is hinted at when Rick wonders what time it is in the U.S.. “I’ll bet they’re asleep. I’ll bet they’re asleep all over America.”
Great distinction, Steve. Realizing the theme of my own WIP is helping to make it a less episodic account of “and then this happens, and then that happens.”
Another case in point – Blood Diamond
Thanks for this series – I’m especially looking forward to “cutting everything off-theme out” next week.
Just fabulous. Your blog posts are a graduate level education in writing. Thanks so much for providing them, Steve!
The sorriest writer is capable of greatness if he’s just given a link to StevenPressfield.com.
Steve!
This series is so nailing it for me. I’ve been struggling with the focus of a new website I’m working on, as in feeling what exactly to focus on within the framework of my idea. Now I can see my idea is the theme and the focus and if there’s a lot of levels that can go under that, then by definition, that works!
Looking forward the next installment!
Tom
Thank you immensely for this series. As an editor, I’m struggling with how to apply the idea of theme to a client’s memoir. Subject: story of their life so far. Theme: should I encourage them to tease out one overarching life lesson? Or is that oversimplification and maybe even manipulative when it comes to memoir?
Nancy, the best memoirs in my opinion are not cradle-to-grave “life stories” but instead are built around one theme. I wouldn’t call it a “life lesson,” I don’t think, but who knows, maybe that’s what it is. Tough to give an answer in a forum as distant as this. Maybe your client’s goal IS to tell a cradle-to-grave story and that’s more important to her/him than to keep people interested. Good luck!
Thank you.I have a feeling this means back to the drawing board.
I hate to be such a nitpicker, but I must point out that Casablanca is set in 1941; it was shot and released in 1943, at which point the America First movement had pretty much ceased to exist. So the conflict embodied in Rick’s choices had already been settled in the real world by the time audiences saw it. Chhers!
I have long been aware of the regrettable decision, to me, not to include footage of the US troops landing in North Africa (where, by the way, they were opposed by troops loyal to France, not to DeGaul’s free French forces). I wonder now, if the decision was not to save money but rather to stay on theme, to make it less of a settled idea.
Terrific! Perfect, simple distinction. Easy to remember and hopefully apply. Next week should be a water-shed moment. I’m afraid to write another sentence till then.
Steven,
I love your current blog series on the importance of theme. Today’s post does fine job of both contrasting theme with subject and useful examples of themes. In my current novel, nailing the theme while I outlined the book has made all the difference!
Outstandingly helpful, thank you.
Was it Maugham who said that, in a novel or story, anything that does not advance plot or illuminate character should be eliminated. Perhaps “theme” can be added to that list.
… or rather, ‘Anything that does not advance plot or illuminate character should be eliminated, and plots and characters should support theme’.
Interesting. This is where the cliche works.
So theme is more abstract, while subject is more concrete, and could be something material, hay?
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The Difference Between Subject and Theme
Interesting
A theme is indeed more complex than the subject, as it has quite a few layers to it. I learned it when I was trying to write my first narrative essay. I eventually got a 90% for from my instructor thanks to this resource: https://betterwritingservices.com/how-to-write-a-narrative-essay-a-step-by-step-guide/. After writing a few narrative essays, I started writing short novels and quickly became a fan of the genre. That’s basically how I ended up here.
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Thanks, Steve!
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Just fabulous. Your blog posts are a graduate level education in writing. Thanks so much for providing them, Steve!
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Thank you for for sharing this blog post. You are doing incredible work. Keep sharing.
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